Tugas Reading II: Baseball and Jazz



TUGAS 1



Bacalah teks – teks berikut ini dan jawablah pertanyaan – pertanyaannya.


Questions 1-7




Line
(5)




(10)





(15)




(20)




(25)
          Baseball evolved from a number of different ball-and-stick games (paddle ball, trap ball, one-old-cat, rounders, and town ball) originating in England. As early as the American Revolution, it was noted that troops played “base ball” in their free time. In 1845 Alexander Cartwright formalized the New York Knickerbockers’ version of the game: a diamond shaped infield, with bases ninety feet apart, three strikes-you’re-out, batter out on a caught ball, three outs per inning, a nine man team. The “New York Game” spread rapidly, replacing earlier localized forms. From its beginnings, baseball was seen as a way of satisfying the recreational needs of an increasingly urban-industrial society. At its inception it was played by and for wealthy gentlemen. A club might consist of 40 members. The president would appoint two captains who would choose teams from among the members. Games were played on Monday and Thursday afternoons, with the losers often providing a lavish evening’s entertainment for the winners.

          During the 1850-70 period the game was changing, however, with increasing commercialism (charging admission), under-the-table payments to exceptional players, and gambling on the outcome of games. By 1868 it was said that a club would have their regular professional ten, an amateur first-nine, and their “muffins” (the gentlemanly duffers who once ran the game) Beginning with the first openly all-salaried team (Cincinnati’s Red Stocking Club) in 1869, the 1870-1890 period saw the complete professionalization of baseball, including formation of the National Association of Professional Baseball Players in 1871. The National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs was formed in 1876, run by business-minded investors in joint-stock company clubs. The 1880s has been called Major League Baseball’s “Golden Age”. Profits soared, player’s salaries rose somewhat, a season of 84 games became one of 132, a weekly periodical “The Sporting News” came into being, wooden stadiums with double-deck stands replaced open fields, and the standard refreshment became hot dogs, soda pop and peanuts. In 1900 the Western League based in the growing cities of the Midwest proclaimed itself the American League.


1. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) the origins of baseball
(B) the commercialization of baseball
(C) the influence of the “New York Game” on baseball
(D) the development of baseball in the nineteenth century

2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
(A) the wealthy gentlemen who first played baseball, later needed to find another recreational opportunity if they did not want to mix with others or become a “muffin”
(B) hot dogs would not have become as popular as they did, without the professionalism and commercialism that developed in baseball
(C) the “New York Game” spread rapidly because it was better formalized
(D) business-minded investors were only interested in profits



3. Which of the following is true of the way the game was played by wealthy gentlemen at its inception
(A) a team might consist of 40 members
(B) the president would choose teams from among the members
(C) they didn’t play on weekends
(D) they might be called “duffers” if they didn’t make the first nine

4. According to the second paragraph, all of the following are true except
(A) commercialism became more prosperous  (B) the clubs are smaller
(C) outstanding players got extra income     (D) people gamed on the outcome of games

5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a feature of the 1880s “Golden Age”?
(A) wooden stadiums replaced open fields
(B) a weekly periodical commenced
(C) the National Association of Professional Baseball Players was formed
(D) profits soared


6. The word “itself” in line 28 refers to
(A) the Western League                                                                         (B) growing cities
(C) the Midwest                                                  (D) the American League

7. Where in the passage does the author first mention payments to players
(A) lines 5-9                                                        (B) lines 10-14
(C) lines 15-19                                                   (D) lines 20-25


Questions 8 - 10




Line
(5)




(10)





(15)




(20)





(25)
            Jazz has been called “the art of expression set to music”, and “America’s great contribution to music”. It has functioned as popular art and enjoyed periods of fairly widespread public response, in the “jazz age” of the 1920s, in the “swing era” of the late 1930s and in the peak popularity of modern jazz in the late 1950s. The standard legend about Jazz is that it originated around the end of the 19th century in New Orleans and moved up the Mississippi River to Memphis, St. Louis, and finally to Chicago. It welded together the elements of Ragtime, marching band music, and the Blues. However, the influences of what led to those early sounds goes back to tribal African drum beats and European musical structures. Buddy Bolden, a New Orleans barber and cornet player, is generally considered to have been the first real Jazz musician, around 1891.

            What made Jazz significantly different from the other earlier forms of music was the use of improvisation. Jazz displayed a break from traditional music where a composer wrote an entire piece of music on paper, leaving the musicians to break their backs playing exactly what was written on the score. In a Jazz piece, however, the song is simply a starting point, or sort of skeletal guide for the Jazz musicians to improvise around. Actually, many of the early Jazz musicians were bad sight readers and some couldn’t even read music at all. Generally speaking, these early musicians couldn’t make very much money and were stuck working menial jobs to make a living. The second wave of New Orleans Jazz musicians included such memorable players as Joe Oliver, Kid Ory, and Jelly Roll Morton. These men formed small bands and took the music of earlier musicians, improved its complexity, and gained greater success. This music is known as “hot Jazz” due to the enormously fast speeds and rhythmic drive.

          A young cornet player by the name of Louis Armstrong was discovered by Joe Oliver in New Orleans. He soon grew up to become one of the greatest and most successful musicians of all time, and later one of the biggest stars in the world. The impact of Armstrong and other talented early Jazz musicians changed the way we look at music.



8. The Passage answers which of the following questions?
(A) Why did Ragtime, marching band music, and the Blues lose popularity after about 1900?
(B) What were the origins of Jazz and how did it differ from other forms of music?
(C) What has been the greatest contribution of cornet players to music in the twentieth century?
(D) Which early Jazz musicians most influenced the development of Blues music?

9. According to the passage, Jazz originated in
(A) Chicago                                                        (B) St. Louis
(C) along the Mississippi river                            (D) New Orleans


10. Which of the following distinguished Jazz as a new form of musical expression?
(A) the use of cornets                                         (B) “hot Jazz”
(C) improvisation                                              (D) New Orleans




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