LATIHAN PKN : Pengertian Negara menurut Max Weber dan Konsep Bangsa Menurut Ernest-Renan




Inisiasi PKN MKDU 4111


1. Jelaskan pengertian Negara menurut Max Weber?

 

Menurut Max Weber, negara merupakan suatu struktur politik yang diatur oleh hukum, mencakup suatu komunitas/masyarakat, manusia yang hidup dalam suatu wilayah yang menjadi milik mereka di mana adanya pengadaan dan pemeliharaan tata keteraturan (Hukum) bagi kehidupan mereka, serta adanya monopoli penggunaan kekuatan fisik. Ciri-ciri suatu negara modern antara lain sebagai berikut:

 

1. Tata hukum dan administrasi yang diatur oleh peraturan perundangundangan.

2. Mempunyai pemerintah atau orang yang menjalankan tugas-tugas negara sesuai dengan perundang-undangan yang berlaku dan tidak sewenangwenang.

3. Adanya wewenang yang terkait bagi seluruh warga termasuk pejabat dan seluruh tindakan dan perbuatannya yang dilakukan di wilayah negara yang bersangkutan.

 

Jadi, negara adalah tatanan dari rakyat yang menduduki wilayah yang dikuasai dan memiliki pemerintahan yang sah dan berdaulat.

 

2. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud konsep Bangsa Indonesia mengikuti jejak Pemikiran Ernest-Renan tentang solidaritas?

 

Maksud konsep bangsa Indonesia dilandasi oleh pemikiran Ernest-Renan (1823-1842) adalah bahwa bangsa bukan diartikan sebagai satu asal nenek moyang, tetapi merupakan satu kesatuan "solidaritas" atau setia kawan satu sama lain. Dikatakan pula bahwa bangsa adalah satu jiwa atau satu asas spiritual yang tercipta oleh rasa pengorbanan yang telah dibuat di masa lampau oleh mereka yang telah bersedia berkorban demi masa depan generasi penerusnya. Bangsa (nation) memiliki masa lampau tetapi berlanjut pada masa kini dalam suatu realita yang jelas, yaitu melalui suatu kesepakatan dan keinginan yang dikemukakan dengan nyata untuk hidup bersama (Le desire dientre ensemble) dan akan berlanjut dalam waktu yang akan datang. Bangsa Indonesia berproses menjadi satu (integrasi) mulai tampak pada tahun 1908, kemudian diikrarkan melalui Sumpah Pemuda tanggal 28 Oktober 1928. Tekad hidup bersama itu secara formal terwujud dalam satu negara bangsa (nation state) sejak diproklamasikan Kemerdekaan RI tanggal 17 Agustus 1945. Jadi faktor yang menyatukan kelompok-kelompok masyarakat Indonesia sebagai bangsa ialah adanya kesamaan latar belakang sejarah yang dijajah oleh Belanda (perasaan senasib sepenanggungan).

 

 

3. Mengapa bangsa Indonesia menolak konsep negara Hindia Belanda?

 

Bangsa Indonesia menolak negara (state) Hindia Belanda karena negara (state) itu didirikan oleh bangsa Belanda bukan oleh bangsa Indonesia, dan digunakan untuk melaksanakan kehendak bangsa Belanda yang ingin memeras bangsa Indonesia untuk kemakmuran bangsa Belanda. Integration state yang dibangun oleh penguasa Belanda tersebut sudah sampai pada tahap ke-4 (penetrasi administratif, pembentukan birokrasi untuk melaksanakan undang-undang dan pengumpulan pajak) di seluruh Nusantara.

 

Ketidaksesuaian national integration antara Indonesia dengan negara Hindia Belanda berlangsung sampai tahun 1942 dengan hancurnya negara Hindia Belanda oleh kelompok militer Jepang yang menyerangnya sehingga terjadilah proses penyatuan bangsa yang dimotori oleh Jepang. Jepang berusaha melegitimasi kekuatan bersenjatanya dengan "menyuap" pemimpin nasional Indonesia. Negara pendudukan militer Jepang tidak dapat disesuaikan dengan bangsa Indonesia karena negara pendudukan militer Jepang tetap melaksanakan kehendak bangsa Jepang yang ingin menguasai Asia Timur Raya untuk mendukung industri Jepang. Ketidaksesuaian ini berlangsung sampai dengan tahun 1945 waktu Jepang dikalahkan oleh sekutu.

 

Pada waktu itulah atau tepatnya tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 bangsa Indonesia mempunyai kesempatan untuk membentuk negara (state) yang diharapkan sesuai dengan kehendak bangsa Indonesia. Konsep bangsa dan negara ini tidak dapat dipisahkan seperti yang tertuang dalam perubahan UUD 1945.

 

 

 

 


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