Latihan PKN MKDU4111: Asas Supralegal HAM, Fungsi dan asas Ketahanan Nasional






1. Sebutkan asas-asas Ketahanan Nasional?


Asas merupakan tata laku yang relatif telah tersusun dan melandasi nilai-nilai yang merupakan pedoman bagi tannas. Berikut asas-asa yang berlaku dalam Tannas:


A. Pendekatan Kesejahteraan dan Keamanan


Konsepsi tannas hakikatnya adalah konsepsi pengaturan kesejahteraan dan keamanan. Konsepsi tannas itu merupakan perwujudan Pancasila dan UUD 1945 dalam segala aspek kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Kesejahteraan dan keamanan bak satu keping mata uang. Sisi yang satu, kesejahteraan dan sisi lainnya keamanan. Keduanya tidak dapat dipisahkan tetapi dapat dibedakan.


B. Komprehensif dan Integral


Tannas dalam memecahkan masalah-masalah kehidupan nasional melihat secara komprehensif integral (utuh menyeluruh), tidak dipandang dari satu sisi. Perbedaan waktu, tempat serta perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi selalu melahirkan masalah-masalah yang bersifat multikompleks. Pemecahannya memerlukan pendekatan interdisipliner, multidisiplin dan transdisiplin serta lintas sektoral. Hal inilah yang membawa pemikiran ke arah holistik, komprehensif dan integral.


2. Sebutkan fungsi dari Ketahanan Nasional?

Tannas mempunyai kedudukan dan fungsi, sebagai doktrin nasional, pola dasar pembangunan nasional, metode pembinaan kehidupan nasional dan sistem kehidupan nasional. Berikut beberapa fungsi utaman dari Tannas:

a. Tannas sebagai doktrin pada dasamya suatu ajaran yang diyakini kebenarannya, diikuti dan didalami yang berfungsi membimbing kita dalam pola pikir, pola tindak, dan pola kerja guna mempersatupadukan usaha bersama bangsa dalam pembangunan. Oleh karena itu, sebagai doktrin tannas itu perlu dimasyarakatkan dan dibudayakan karena ia juga merupakan implementasi Pancasila, UUD 1945 dan Was an tara.

b. Tannas sebagai Pola Dasar Pembangunan Nasional
Tannas sebagai pola dasar pembangunan nasional pada hakikatnya memberikan arah, pedoman, dalam pembangunan melalui tahapantahapan pembangunan (Repelita).

c. Tannas sebagai Metode Pembinaan Kehidupan Nasional
Dalam upaya pembinaan kehidupan nasional, tannas menggunakan pendekatan komprehensif integral (utuh menyeluruh) dalam aspek kehidupan bangsa tersebut yang mencakup delapan gatra (Astagatra). Kelemahan pada salah satu gatra dapat mengakibatkan kelemahan pada gatra lainnya sehingga mempengaruhi kondisi keseluruhan. Tannas itu merupakan resultante (basil) dari ketabanan masing-masing gatra atau aspek kehidupan (Astagatra). Dari konsepsi dasar ini maka jelaslab babwa tannas itu, meliputi masa damai dan masa perang.

d. Tannas sebagai Sistem Kehidupan Nasional
Tannas sebagai sistem kebidupan nasional adalab tata upaya bangsa yang telab dibakukan dalam melaksanakan pembangunan nasional sebagai aspirasi bangsa dalam meningkatkan kesejabteraan dan keamanan, untuk menjamin kelangsungan bidup bangsa, menuju kejayaan bangsa dan negara.



3. Sebutkan norma-norma demokerasi menurut Nurcholis Madjid (Cak Nur)?


Menurut Nurcholis Madjid sekurang-kurangnya ada tujuh norma demokrasi yang didasarkan pada pengalaman baik secara teoretis dan praktis di negara-negara demokratis. Ketujuh norma tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.
1. Pentingnya kesadaran akan pluralisme.
2. Musyawarah.
3. Pertimbangan moral.
4. Permufakatan yang jujur dan sehat.
5. Pemenuhan segi-segi ekonomi.
6. Kerja sama antar warga masyarakat dan sikap itikad baik masing-masing untuk saling mempercayai
7. Pandangan hidup demokratis harus menyatu dengan sistem pendidikan.



4. Apa yang dimaksud dengan Hak Asasi Manusia Bersifat Supralegal?


HAM bersifat supralegal, artinya tidak tergantung adanya suatu negara atau undang-undang dasar maupun kekuasaan pemerintah bahkan memiliki kewenangan lebih tinggi karena HAM dimiliki manusia bukan karena kemurahan atau pemberian negara melainkan karena berasal dari sumber yang lebih tinggi. Disebut HAM karena melekat pada eksistensi manusia yang bersifat universal, merata dan tidak dapat dialihkan karena hakikat HAM merupakan upaya menjaga eksistensi manusia secara utuh melalui aksi keseimbangan yaitu keseimbangan antara hak dan kewajiban serta keseimbangan antara kepentingan perseorangan dan kepentingan umum. Begitu juga upaya menghormati, melindungi dan menjunjung tinggi HAM menjadi kewajiban dan tanggung jawab bersama antara individu, pemerintah (aparatur pemerintah baik sipil maupun militer) dan Negara.



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