Latihan IBD: Persamaan dan Perbedaan Internalisasi, Sosialisasi, Akulturasi dan Enkulturasi?







Sebutkan persamaan dan perbedaan dari internalisasi, sosialisasi, akulturasi dan enkulturasi?


Perbedaan:
Secara definisi keempat hal tersebut memiliki perbedaan yang sangat mendasar, terutama terkait bagaimana proses transformasi kebudayaan itu terjadi dan asal pengaruh proses perubahan tersebut.

Proses internalisasi kebudayaan dapat dikatakan sebagai proses transformasi kebudayaan dari seorang individu yang pengaruh perubahan itu berasal dari luar dirinya. Informasi dan tata nilai itu kemudian diserap ke dalam dalam struktur kesadaran subjektifnya hingga mencapai tahap dimana ia dan objek kebudayaan itu tidak sepenuhnya terpisah. Bahwa dia tidak hanya memiliki kebudayaan tersebut tetapi juga mewakili dan menyatakannya. Iman, merupakan salah satu contoh proses kebudayaan yang melalui jalan internalisasi.



Sosialisasi dapat dipahami sebagai usaha individu untuk mempelajari cara agar dapat menjadi anggota dan berpartisipasi dalam masyarakat. Bahwa di dalam masyarat terdapat struktur sosial dan kebudayaan yang amat beragam, sehingga penting bagi individu mempelajarinya sebagaimana ia adalah bagian dari masyarakat itu sendiri. Memahami tata nilai, sikap hidup, moralitas, dan etika. Proses ini adalah proses panjang yang sudah mulai berlangsung sedari kecil hingga dewasa. Kehidupan bermasyarat, termasuk sekolah adalah salah satu praktek proses sosialisasi dalam pembentukan kebudayaan.


Enkulturasi adalah proses penerusan kebudayaan dari generasi yang satu ke generasi berikutnya. Melalui cara ini manusia bisa memahami bagaimana cara bertahan hidup dan mencapai kemajuan-kemajuan atas kebudayaannya. Menyerap berbagai informasi warisan atas teknik bertahan hidup (kebutuhan biologis) dan tata nilai yang melingkupinya. Dalam skala kecil proses enkulturasi terjadi di dalam keluarga. Dalam skala yang lebih besar, sekolah adalah contoh yang lazim. Di sekolah anak didik diajarkan tentang apa itu Indonesia, Pancasila, lagu kebangsaan dan semboyan-semboyan ke-Indonesiaan. Hal itu dilakukan dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya agar nilai-nilai dan identitas ke-Indonesiaan dapat terus bertahan.

Akulturasi terjadi bila kelompok-kelompok individu yang memiliki kebudayaan yang berbeda saling berhubungan secara langsung dengan intensif, sehingga timbul perubahan-perubahan besar pada pola kebudayaan dari salah satu atau ke dua kebudayaan yang bersangkutan. Akulturasi dapat terjadi antara kebudayaan dua masyarakat yang posisinya relatif sama, namun juga dapat terjadi antara dua masyarakat yang posisinya tidak sama.

Persamaan:
Semuanya merupakan bagian dari proses pembudayaan manusia. Cara manusia untuk mempelajari dunia sekelilingnya untuk beradaptasi dengannya, dan pada akhirnya memanfaatkan segala hal yang mungkin dalam bertahan hidup dengan menata sistem tata kehidupanya sendiri.



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